To study the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed at 2017 in the research greenhouse of Agronomy Department, University of Tehran. Salinity treatments at two levels; control (1.2 dS/m) and sodium chloride treatment (16 dS/m) and seven wheat cultivars, Rowshan, Inia-66, Mahdavi, Khazar-1, Karaj-2, Ghods and Shole were the experimental treatments. According to the results, relative water content, yield and its components and potassium/sodium ratio decreased in all genotypes while Na+ content and remobilizatIon of carbohydrates were increased. Salt resistant varieties, Roshan and Inia-66, had the highest level of relative water content, remobilizatIon of soluble carbohydrates and number of grains per spike. In additIon, Roshan cultivar showed the highest potassium concentratIon and K+/Na+ in the shoots, while Ghods and Sholeh as sensitive cultivars had the highest sodium concentratIon in the shoots. Findings showed that the ability of a cultivar to remobilize soluble carbohydrates is one of the traits that determine salt stress tolerance, hence, this trait is suitable for evaluating salt tolerance of wheat cultivars in the future investigatIons.

This research article examines legal discriminatIon against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discriminatIon. The study explores the reconciliatIon of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both natIonally and internatIonally, and the discriminatIon they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sectIons: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with internatIonal conventIons, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradicatIon of discriminatIon through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

FenitrothIon (C9H12NO5PS) and butachlor (CI7H26CINO2) are widely used in agricultural fields as pesticides. Liquid liquid extractIon (L.L.E) with dichloromethane ,liquid liquid microextractIon and Cl8 solid phase extractIon (SPE) techniques are used for extractin of liquid samples.The samples are analyzed by GC/MS-EI ,GC/MS-CI and selected Ion monitoring (SIM) mode for quantizatIon. The limit of detectIon (LOD) is 10 ng/l with sim mode at m/z 125 fenitrothIon and 15 ng/l at m/z 176 butachlor .The relative standard deviatIon for fenitrothIon and butachlor is 3.5 and 8.5 % respectively (n=5).The concentratIon of fenitrothIon and butachlor in September was higher compared to December and April 2001.

Background and Aim: Nowadays a large populatIon in the world use internet. Unfortunately, despite many advantages and its positive changes in communicatIon, Internet is condemned to have dangerous side effects, like Internet addictIon that can be the most destructive one. The aim of this study is to survey the status of Internet addictIon among Gonabad Medical University students and its relatIonship with their mental health.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectIonal study was conducted at Gonabad Medical University in 2010.400 students from different courses were selected by using stratified random sampling. After filling out informed consent forms, three other forms including individual questIonnaire, IAT and GHQ-28 were given to the subjects to fill out. After controlling Data for accuracy, Data analysis was performed by SPSS software versIon 16 and frequency distributIon, mean, one way ANOVA and Post Hoc test.Results: The results showed that 9.5% of the subjects were addicted to Internet, 21.5 percent were at risk. The Mean and standard deviatIon of general health score of the samples were 25.84±11.97. One way ANOVA test showed that general health scores at different levels of Internet addictIon was significant (P<0.0001). Scores of physical impairment (P<0.0001), depressive disorder (P=0.002) and anxiety disorder (P=0.001) dimensIons at different levels of Internet addictIon showed a significant difference, but there were not significant difference in social functIoning dimensIon.ConclusIon: Results have revealed there is a reverse significant relatIon between internet addictIon and general health; in other words internet addicted subjects had more inappropriate general health.

ISalinity is one of the major environmental stresses that limit plant growth and productivity. Glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) is one of the native halophytic plants of Iran that widely spread in salt areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological and growth responses of S. herbacea to salinity stress. Plastic pods (15 cm diameter, 20 cm height) with the Silica sand bed were used for the experiment. The solutIon used for the study consisted of 0 (control), 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mM of NaCl and Na2SO4. S.herbacea seeds cultivated at five pots for each treatment in green house conditIon. Plants were irrigated with half strength Hoagland’s nutrient solutIon for 6 months. Salt treatments were applied for 45 days. Shoot and root dry weights, proline, glucose, Ion concentratIon, Osmotic Potential (OP), Relative Water Capacity (RWC), Water Use Efficiency (WUE), Net AssimilatIon Rate (NAR), Specific Leaf Area (SLA) and Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) were measured. Data analysis showed that Mg2+, Ca+2 and K+decreased when salinity increased but Na+ increased. CL-increased when NaCl increased but significantly inhibited at higher Na2SO4. Dry weight, WUE, SLA, NAR and LAR increased in up to 100 to 300 mM NaCl and Na2SO4 but decreased with a further increase in salinity. S. herbacea uptakes more Ions in chloride soil than that of sulfate soil. WUE, NAR and dry weight are more at sulfate soil. It is also assumed that salt tolerance mechanism of S. herbacea changes at different salts. Measurement of osmotic potential showed that it did not significantly increased when salinity increased. In additIon, glucose did not promote up to 400 mM. Therefore, S. herbacea L. is a high tolerant halophyte which grows well up to 500 mM of NaCl and Na2SO4 salt. Salinity enhances the growth of S. herbacea and its optimum growth occurs at 100–300 mM. Proline, glucose and osmotic potential remain unchanged at moderate salt concentratIons. Also, it tolerates salinity via uptake of Ions at NaCl and also Ions repulsing and increasing WUE at Na2SO4. S. herbacea grows at sulfate better than chloride.

Purpose: Clustering and co-word analysis is a method to reveal relatIonships and links and illustrate the intellectual structure of a scientific field. This research tries to study the intellectual structure of articles in the field of futures studies in Iran by using the technique of co-word analysis. Method: The current research is a descriptive-analytical development with a scientometric approach. The statistical populatIon is 921 articles retrieved records in the field of futures studies. Findings: The findings showed that articles in the field of futures studies in Iran are often associated with positive growth, and in terms of frequency, the keywords scenario, Islamic Republic, and foresight are the most frequent in futures studies. The findings related to the hierarchical clustering led to the formatIon of 8 clusters in this field, namely "ICT visIons", "geographers who love the future", "knowledge development", " Futuristic higher educatIon", "Future of ReligIon", "RegIonal RelatIons", "Strategic Foresight" and "Heavy Weight of Method". ConclusIon: According to the findings of the current research and the high frequency of the keyword scenario, as well as the density and relatIonships of this keyword with other keywords, it can be concluded that the scenario is the dominant approach in futures studies. Also, according to the resulting clusters, it was observed that these researches have a high variety, but addressing the future in many areas is still neglected.